The Pyramid Texts
The Pyramid Texts were funerary inscriptions that were written on the walls of the early Ancient
Egyptian pyramids at Sakkara the necropolis of Memphis (Unis of the 5th Dynasty, and Teti, Pepi I,
Merenre and Pepi II of the 6th Dynasty). These date back to the 5th and 6th dynasties, approximately
years 2350-2175 BCE. However, because of extensive internal evidence, it is believed that they
were composed much earlier, circa 3000 BCE. The Pyramid Texts are, therefore, essentially the oldest
sacred texts known.
The main theme in the Pyramid Texts is the king's resurrection and ascension to the Afterworld and this is described in many different ways, but often the dead king is associated with Osiris and the resurrected king with Horus. Generally, the text is supposed to provide services to the deceased king in his ascent into the sky and with his reception in the world of the divine. The texts were written down by Heliopolitan solar-worshippers of Re but probably came from older beliefs that were more celestial in nature, in which the deceased king as a star was prominent. Re first appeared in the 2nd dynasty.
In the earliest of these texts two very ancient doctrines may be discerned: that of the old heaven-god, perhaps Horus the elder, in which the deceased king as a star was prominent, and that of the sun-god where the deceased as the sun-god was contemplated. But the two were harmonized doubtless at a very early period, when the celestial abode of the heaven- and star-gods became identified with that of the solar deities.
The texts very much equate Set and Horus as equals in behaviour ruling over two seperate parts of Egypt. Where Horus is mentioned Set is often mentioned in a similar manner. The texts also contain basic versions of the familiar myths of Horus as the son of Isis and Osiris and the contendings of Horus and Set over the throne of Osiris.
Summary of the content regarding Horus
One problem that seems apparant is that sometimes the term Horus refers to the God Horus and other times it may refer to the ressurected pharoah in the afterlife in terms that don't strictly apply to Horus as seperate from the pharoah.
- Horus has power over the horizons/inhabits the horizon (Utterance 6/264/473)
Horus of the horizon is born anew on the eastern side of heaven (473)
- Horus is chief in and of the Duat (7/266)
- The Pharoah is Horus when alive and when revived, as such he is King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Lord of Ombos (9)
- The eye of Horus is purifying, its perfume drives away sweat, it defends against the violence of Set, it is sound (29)
- The eye of Horus was wrested from Set (54)
- Set robbed Horus of his eye and enjoyed himself over it, it is guarded by Geb (57)
- Horus tore out Sets thigh (61)
- The eye of Horus in Buto awakes in peace, it is in the houses of the lower egyptian crown (81)
- Set has eaten little of the eye of Horus (90)
- There is a damsel in the eye of Horus (155)
- The eye of Horus is white/green (161-162)
- Horus is chief of the houses (212)
- Horus is born with the name "Him at whom the earth quakes", born of Osiris (215)
- Horus has made his father Osiris to endure and live, Geb and Nut are the parents of Osiris, Isis, Set, Nephthys and Thot (219)
- The centipede of Horus belongs in the earth, Horus was an ox-herd (240)
- The blue-eyed and the red-eyed Horus come against the pharoah, furious in wrath (246)
- The horizon burns incense to Horus of Nh(n (255)
- The pharoah is on the throne of Horus the eldest (256)
- Horus and Set take Pharoah to the Duat (271)
- Horus falls because of his eye (277)
- Horus comes forth from the acacia and was warned "be thou aware of the lion" (294)
- Horus who is over the shd.w of heaven, Horus of H.t, Horus of Ssm.t, Horus of the East. Pharoah brings him his intact left eye, it is choice oil and willow tree and that which sparkles and oil of pleasure. Horus is Lord of the green stone (301)
- Horus is the eldest, son of Hathor, seed of Geb (303)
- Haroeris of K.us is Lord of the South (319)
- The double doors of heaven/k.bh.w open for Horus/Harachte/Horus of the East/Horus of the Ssm.t-land at daybreak that he may ascend to the Marsh of Reeds and purify himself (325)
- Horus has caused Thot to turn back the followers of Set and bring them to the Pharoah. Thy son Horus has snatched back his eye from your enemy and given it to you. Horus has recognised his father Osiris in the dead Pharoah. Horus has placed Set beneath thee. Horus has avenged the pharoah because his ka is in the Pharoah. Horus avenged his father Osiris. (356)
- The eye of Horus sprang up as he fell on the side of the Winding Watercourse to protect/free itself from Set, it fell upon the wing of Thot (359)
- The pharoah is the ka of Horus. Horus has placed Pharoah at the head of the gods and given him his eye, its name is "Fullness of God". Horus has united Pharoahs limbs and set him up in his name H.nw-boat. (364)
- Horus does not allow the pharoah to be sick, he places the enemy under his feet, he gives his children to pharoah to carry him (364)
- The pharoahs phallus is pointed like Sothis, Horus the pointed has come forth from him as Horus who was in Sothis, his name is "spirit who was in the dndr.w-boat", he is "Horus the son who avenges his father" (366/593)
- The sandal/sole of foot of Horus trod upon the serpent, Horus is a young child with his finger in his mouth as is Pharoah (378)
- Horus is lord of men and gods (468)
- Horus has a lion-helmet on his head (478)
- The double doors of heaven are open for Horus of the Gods, Horus of the East, Horus of the Ssm.t-land that he may ascend at daybreak and purify himself in the Marsh of Reeds (479)
- Fear came into being on account of the eye of Horus (486)
- Morning star, Horus of the Duat (Is Pharoah/Osiris the Horus of the Duat?), the divine falcon, the great green. Isis burned incense before her son Horus, the young child, when he journeyed through the land wearing two white sandals to see Osiris. Horus took the house of his father from the brother of his father, Set, in the presence of Geb (519)
- Horus of Nekhen has given Pharoah his spirits the jackals. Pharoah passes through the regions of Horus of the South and Horus of the North, he ascends like Horus of the Duat, chief of the imperishable stars, hereditary prince and king of the gods. (536)
- Horus lies down in the night bark and awakes in the day bark, he gazes on the gods, no gods gaze on him (573)
- Pharoah is "Horus in the great green", "Horus chief of spirits", "Horus, chief of spirits, star which ferries over the great green." (576)
- The eye of Horus (the sun) hearkens only to Horus, it carries him wherever he desires. The doors open to Horus who made them, he rescued them from every evil Set did to them, he settled them in the name of Settlements. (587)
- The name of Horus endures in Buto (601)
- The eye of Horus is mounted on the wing of his brother Set (615)
- Horus of Hierakonopolis gave Pharoah the jackal spirits (676)
- Horus comes forth from the Nile. The eye of Horus is intact and lives in Heliopolis (683)
- Ims.ti, H.pi, Dw-mu.t.f and K.bh-sn.w.f are the offspring of Horus of Letopolis (688)
Quotes from the Texts (as translated by Samuel A. B. Mercer)
The letter N. (nomen) is used throughout to indicate the dead pharoah.
More info on Sacred Texts
Back to main Horus page - Back to MARYSIA.com
|